{"id":97044,"date":"2026-10-27T12:23:13","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T12:23:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/rd-data-center-injusto-para-espana-04-%c2%b7-perdida-de-disponibilidad-de-free-cooling-y-hr\/"},"modified":"2026-11-05T11:59:27","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T11:59:27","slug":"rd-data-center-injusto-para-espana-04-%c2%b7-perdida-de-disponibilidad-de-free-cooling-y-hr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/es\/rd-data-center-injusto-para-espana-04-%c2%b7-perdida-de-disponibilidad-de-free-cooling-y-hr\/","title":{"rendered":"RD DATA CENTER \u00bfINJUSTO PARA ESPA\u00d1A? (04) \u00b7 P\u00e9rdida de disponibilidad de Free-cooling y HR%"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"97044\" class=\"elementor elementor-97044 elementor-96453\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-86c0b10 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no\" data-id=\"86c0b10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18517a8\" data-id=\"18517a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a1559a e-grid-align-right elementor-shape-rounded elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"1a1559a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-a8c6510\" href=\"https:\/\/es.linkedin.com\/company\/keyter\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-3362250\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/keyterHVACR\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-x-twitter elementor-repeater-item-3f1e49f\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/KEYTERes\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">X-twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-x-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-youtube elementor-repeater-item-2b5a944\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCMHOMneQyaueda5RocUOBog\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Youtube<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-youtube\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40a7448 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"40a7448\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<meta charset=\"utf-8\"\/><meta content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1\" name=\"viewport\"\/>\r\n<!-- Fragmento original para widget HTML Elementor. 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#rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .une-i18n-infographic[lang][lang=\"de\"]{display:block!important}\r\nhtml:not(:lang(es)):not(:lang(en)):not(:lang(fr)):not(:lang(it)):not(:lang(de)) #rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .une-i18n-infographic[lang][lang=\"es\"]{display:block!important}\r\n#rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .kt-language-block[lang]{display:none!important}\r\nhtml:lang(es) #rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .kt-language-block[lang][lang=\"es\"]{display:block!important}\r\nhtml:lang(en) #rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .kt-language-block[lang][lang=\"en\"]{display:block!important}\r\nhtml:lang(fr) #rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .kt-language-block[lang][lang=\"fr\"]{display:block!important}\r\nhtml:lang(it) #rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .kt-language-block[lang][lang=\"it\"]{display:block!important}\r\nhtml:lang(de) #rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .kt-language-block[lang][lang=\"de\"]{display:block!important}\r\nhtml:not(:lang(es)):not(:lang(en)):not(:lang(fr)):not(:lang(it)):not(:lang(de)) #rd-datacenter-parte-04[data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\"] .kt-language-block[lang][lang=\"es\"]{display:block!important}\r\n<\/style><article data-kt-template=\"cronologia-v1\" id=\"rd-datacenter-parte-04\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Article\">\r\n<header class=\"une-article-header\"><h1 itemprop=\"headline\">RD DATA CENTER<span class=\"une-subtitle\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">\u00bfINJUSTO PARA ESPA\u00d1A? (y 04) \u00b7 P\u00e9rdida de disponibilidad de Free-cooling y HR%<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">UNFAIR TO SPAIN? (Part 04, final) \u00b7 Loss of free-cooling availability and relative humidity<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">INJUSTE POUR L\u2019ESPAGNE ? (Partie 04, derni\u00e8re) \u00b7 Perte de disponibilit\u00e9 du free cooling et humidit\u00e9 relative<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">INGIUSTO PER LA SPAGNA? (Parte 04, conclusiva) \u00b7 Perdita di disponibilit\u00e0 del free cooling e umidit\u00e0 relativa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">UNGERECHT GEGEN\u00dcBER SPANIEN? (Teil 04, Schluss) \u00b7 Verlust an Free-Cooling-Verf\u00fcgbarkeit und relative Luftfeuchte<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"une-title-mark\"><img alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"20\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/line-leaf-single-right.svg\" width=\"300\"\/><\/div>\r\n<aside class=\"pree-author-card pree-author-card--top\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\r\n<div class=\"pree-author-identity\">\r\n<img alt=\"Jos\u00e9 Jes\u00fas Arboledas Herranz\" class=\"keyter-author-compact__photo\" data-une-img=\"autor\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"58\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/1791098996839.jpg\" width=\"58\"\/>\r\n<div class=\"keyter-author-compact__content\">\r\n<p class=\"keyter-author-compact__name\">Jos\u00e9 Jes\u00fas Arboledas Herranz<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"keyter-author-compact__meta\"><span>Instituto Ent\u00e1lpico Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"keyter-author-compact__bio\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Miembro ASHRAE Spain Chapter<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">ASHRAE Spain Chapter member<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Membre de l'ASHRAE Spain Chapter<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Membro di ASHRAE Spain Chapter<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Mitglied des ASHRAE Spain Chapter<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"keyter-author-compact__links\"><a href=\"mailto:iee@institutoentalpico.com\"><span>iee@institutoentalpico.com<\/span><\/a>\r\n<span aria-hidden=\"true\"> \u00b7 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.linkedin.com\/posts\/jos%C3%A9-jes%C3%BAs-arboledas-herranz-8a8a6bb1_p%C3%A9rdida-de-disponibilidad-de-free-cooling-activity-7512394521335382016-t6Pq\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">LinkedIn<\/a><span aria-hidden=\"true\"> \u00b7 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@institutoentalpicoespa%C3%B1ol\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">YouTube<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a class=\"pree-iee-logo-link pree-iee-logo--author\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/institutoentalpico\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Instituto Ent\u00e1lpico Espa\u00f1ol\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/institutoentalpico-logo.webp\" width=\"180\"\/><\/a>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"une-boe-spacer\"><\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n<nav aria-label=\"Fuentes oficiales y normativa\" class=\"une-norm-tags une-norm-tags--top\"><div class=\"une-norm-tags__grid\"><a class=\"une-norm-tags__item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miteco.gob.es\/content\/dam\/miteco\/es\/energia\/files-1\/es-ES\/Participacion\/Documents\/anexos\/aeip-rd-cpds-sostenibles\/PRD%20CPDs%20audiencia%20publica.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Proyecto RD \u00b7 Centros de datos<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Draft Royal Decree \u00b7 Data centres<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Projet de d\u00e9cret royal \u00b7 Centres de donn\u00e9es<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Progetto di decreto reale \u00b7 Centri dati<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Entwurf einer K\u00f6niglichen Verordnung \u00b7 Rechenzentren<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/nav><\/header>\r\n<div class=\"une-article-text\" itemprop=\"articleBody\">\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<p class=\"une-lead kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">En climas c\u00e1lidos, el aumento de la temperatura exterior reduce las horas durante las cuales puede utilizarse free-cooling completo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">In warm climates, rising outdoor temperatures reduce the number of hours during which full free cooling can be used.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Dans les climats chauds, l'augmentation de la temp\u00e9rature ext\u00e9rieure r\u00e9duit le nombre d'heures pendant lesquelles le free cooling complet peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Nei climi caldi, l'aumento della temperatura esterna riduce le ore durante le quali \u00e8 possibile utilizzare il free cooling completo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">In warmen Klimazonen verringert eine steigende Au\u00dfentemperatur die Zahl der Stunden, in denen vollst\u00e4ndiges Free Cooling genutzt werden kann.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"une-text-columns\"><div class=\"une-column\"><h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Free-Cooling y Humedad ambiental<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Free Cooling and Ambient Humidity<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Free cooling et humidit\u00e9 ambiante<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Free cooling e umidit\u00e0 ambientale<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Free Cooling und Luftfeuchtigkeit<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">El free-cooling aprovecha las condiciones del aire exterior para evacuar el calor generado por los equipos IT sin depender, total o parcialmente, de compresores frigor\u00edficos. Cuantas m\u00e1s horas pueda funcionar este sistema, menor ser\u00e1 el consumo energ\u00e9tico de la refrigeraci\u00f3n.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Free cooling uses outdoor-air conditions to remove the heat generated by IT equipment without relying, wholly or partly, on refrigeration compressors. The more hours this system can operate, the less energy the cooling system consumes.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Le free cooling utilise les conditions de l'air ext\u00e9rieur pour \u00e9vacuer la chaleur produite par les \u00e9quipements informatiques, sans d\u00e9pendre totalement ou partiellement de compresseurs frigorifiques. Plus ce syst\u00e8me peut fonctionner longtemps, plus la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique du refroidissement diminue.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Il free cooling sfrutta le condizioni dell'aria esterna per smaltire il calore generato dalle apparecchiature IT senza dipendere, totalmente o parzialmente, dai compressori frigoriferi. Quanto pi\u00f9 a lungo questo sistema pu\u00f2 funzionare, tanto minore sar\u00e0 il consumo energetico del raffrescamento.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Free Cooling nutzt die Bedingungen der Au\u00dfenluft, um die von IT-Ger\u00e4ten erzeugte W\u00e4rme ohne oder mit nur teilweisem Einsatz von K\u00e4ltekompressoren abzuf\u00fchren. Je mehr Stunden dieses System arbeiten kann, desto geringer ist der Energieverbrauch der K\u00fchlung.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Sin embargo, su disponibilidad no depende \u00fanicamente de la temperatura seca. La humedad relativa, el punto de roc\u00edo y, especialmente, la temperatura de bulbo h\u00famedo condicionan qu\u00e9 tecnolog\u00eda puede utilizarse y durante cu\u00e1nto tiempo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">However, its availability does not depend solely on dry-bulb temperature. Relative humidity, dew point and, especially, wet-bulb temperature determine which technology can be used and for how long.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Toutefois, sa disponibilit\u00e9 ne d\u00e9pend pas seulement de la temp\u00e9rature s\u00e8che. L'humidit\u00e9 relative, le point de ros\u00e9e et surtout la temp\u00e9rature de bulbe humide d\u00e9terminent la technologie utilisable et la dur\u00e9e d'utilisation.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Tuttavia, la sua disponibilit\u00e0 non dipende soltanto dalla temperatura a bulbo secco. L'umidit\u00e0 relativa, il punto di rugiada e, soprattutto, la temperatura a bulbo umido determinano quale tecnologia possa essere utilizzata e per quanto tempo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die Verf\u00fcgbarkeit h\u00e4ngt jedoch nicht allein von der Trockenkugeltemperatur ab. Relative Luftfeuchte, Taupunkt und insbesondere Feuchtkugeltemperatur bestimmen, welche Technik wie lange eingesetzt werden kann.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"une-column\"><p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Cuando aumenta la temperatura exterior, disminuyen las horas de free-cooling completo. El centro de datos debe recurrir entonces a enfriadoras, unidades de expansi\u00f3n directa u otros sistemas mec\u00e1nicos. Tambi\u00e9n empeora el rendimiento de los condensadores y equipos de rechazo de calor. Los compresores, bombas y ventiladores consumen m\u00e1s energ\u00eda y elevan el PUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">As outdoor temperature rises, the number of hours of full free cooling decreases. The data centre must then turn to chillers, direct-expansion units or other mechanical systems. The performance of condensers and heat-rejection equipment also deteriorates. Compressors, pumps and fans consume more energy and increase PUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Quand la temp\u00e9rature ext\u00e9rieure augmente, les heures de free cooling complet diminuent. Le centre de donn\u00e9es doit alors recourir \u00e0 des groupes frigorifiques, \u00e0 des unit\u00e9s \u00e0 d\u00e9tente directe ou \u00e0 d'autres syst\u00e8mes m\u00e9caniques. Le rendement des condenseurs et des \u00e9quipements de rejet thermique se d\u00e9grade \u00e9galement. Les compresseurs, pompes et ventilateurs consomment plus d'\u00e9nergie et augmentent le PUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Quando la temperatura esterna aumenta, diminuiscono le ore di free cooling completo. Il centro dati deve quindi ricorrere a refrigeratori, unit\u00e0 a espansione diretta o altri sistemi meccanici. Peggiora anche il rendimento dei condensatori e delle apparecchiature di smaltimento del calore. Compressori, pompe e ventilatori consumano pi\u00f9 energia e aumentano il PUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Steigt die Au\u00dfentemperatur, gehen die Stunden mit vollst\u00e4ndigem Free Cooling zur\u00fcck. Das Rechenzentrum muss dann K\u00e4ltemaschinen, Direktverdampfungseinheiten oder andere mechanische Systeme einsetzen. Auch die Leistung von Verfl\u00fcssigern und W\u00e4rmeabfuhrsystemen verschlechtert sich. Kompressoren, Pumpen und Ventilatoren verbrauchen mehr Energie und erh\u00f6hen den PUE.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 class=\"kt-heading-3\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">An\u00e1lisis Free-Cooling<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Free-Cooling Analysis<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Analyse du free cooling<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Analisi del free cooling<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Analyse des Free Cooling<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Se realiza el estudio en base a tres umbrales de temperatura exterior, 18\u00b0C, 20\u00b0C y 22\u00b0C:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">The study is based on three outdoor-temperature thresholds: 18\u00b0C, 20\u00b0C and 22\u00b0C:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'\u00e9tude repose sur trois seuils de temp\u00e9rature ext\u00e9rieure : 18\u00b0C, 20\u00b0C et 22\u00b0C :<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Lo studio si basa su tre soglie di temperatura esterna: 18\u00b0C, 20\u00b0C e 22\u00b0C:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die Untersuchung basiert auf drei Au\u00dfentemperaturschwellen: 18\u00b0C, 20\u00b0C und 22\u00b0C:<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n<figure class=\"une-figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Gr\u00e1fico original de disponibilidad t\u00e9rmica potencial de free cooling a 18, 20 y 22 grados\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"546\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/dc04-01-grafico-disponibilidad-free-cooling.webp\" width=\"1063\"\/><\/figure>\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: Umbral, Europa, Espa\u00f1a, P\u00e9rdida Espa\u00f1a\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Umbral<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Threshold<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Seuil<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Soglia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Schwellenwert<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Europa<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1a<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Spain<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Espagne<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Spagna<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Spanien<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">P\u00e9rdida Espa\u00f1a<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Loss in Spain<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Perte en Espagne<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Perdita in Spagna<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verlust in Spanien<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Andaluc\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Andalousie<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Andalusien<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">P\u00e9rdida Andaluc\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Loss in Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Perte en Andalousie<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Perdita in Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verlust in Andalusien<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>18 \u00b0C<\/td><td>7290 h \u00b7 83.2 %<\/td><td>5565 h \u00b7 63.5 %<\/td><td>23.7 %<\/td><td>4894 h \u00b7 55.9 %<\/td><td>32.9 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>20 \u00b0C<\/td><td>7830 h \u00b7 89.4 %<\/td><td>6130 h \u00b7 70.0 %<\/td><td>21.7 %<\/td><td>5680 h \u00b7 64.8 %<\/td><td>27.5 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>22 \u00b0C<\/td><td>8197 h \u00b7 93.6 %<\/td><td>6627 h \u00b7 75.7 %<\/td><td>19.2 %<\/td><td>6423 h \u00b7 73.3 %<\/td><td>21.6 %<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Resultado central recomendado: con un umbral exterior de 20 \u00b0C, Espa\u00f1a dispone de 6.130 horas potenciales frente a 7.830 del referente europeo; pierde un 21,7 %. Andaluc\u00eda dispone de 5.680 horas; pierde un 27,5 %.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Recommended key result: at an outdoor threshold of 20 \u00b0C, Spain has 6,130 potentially suitable hours compared with 7,830 for the European reference, a loss of 21.7%. Andalusia has 5,680 hours, a loss of 27.5%.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">R\u00e9sultat central recommand\u00e9 : avec un seuil ext\u00e9rieur de 20 \u00b0C, l'Espagne dispose de 6 130 heures potentiellement adapt\u00e9es contre 7 830 pour la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence europ\u00e9enne, soit une perte de 21,7 %. L'Andalousie dispose de 5 680 heures, soit une perte de 27,5 %.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Risultato centrale consigliato: con una soglia esterna di 20 \u00b0C, la Spagna dispone di 6.130 ore potenzialmente idonee contro le 7.830 del riferimento europeo, con una perdita del 21,7%. L'Andalusia dispone di 5.680 ore, con una perdita del 27,5%.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Empfohlenes Kernergebnis: Bei einer Au\u00dfentemperaturschwelle von 20 \u00b0C verf\u00fcgt Spanien \u00fcber 6.130 potenziell geeignete Stunden gegen\u00fcber 7.830 Stunden des europ\u00e4ischen Referenzwerts; der Verlust betr\u00e4gt 21,7 %. Andalusien hat 5.680 Stunden und verliert damit 27,5 %.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Dispersi\u00f3n dentro de Andaluc\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Variation within Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Disparit\u00e9s au sein de l'Andalousie<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Differenze all'interno dell'Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Unterschiede innerhalb Andalusiens<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La media andaluza oculta una diferencia de casi 2.400 horas entre C\u00e1diz y Granada. Por eso no es defendible asignar una penalizaci\u00f3n \u00fanica a todo proyecto andaluz sin conocer el emplazamiento.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">The Andalusian average conceals a difference of almost 2,400 hours between C\u00e1diz and Granada. It is therefore not defensible to assign a single penalty to every Andalusian project without knowing its location.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">La moyenne andalouse masque une diff\u00e9rence de pr\u00e8s de 2 400 heures entre Cadix et Grenade. Il n'est donc pas d\u00e9fendable d'appliquer une p\u00e9nalisation unique \u00e0 tous les projets andalous sans conna\u00eetre leur implantation.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">La media andalusa nasconde una differenza di quasi 2.400 ore tra Cadice e Granada. Per questo non \u00e8 giustificabile assegnare una penalizzazione unica a ogni progetto andaluso senza conoscerne l'ubicazione.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Der andalusische Mittelwert verdeckt einen Unterschied von fast 2.400 Stunden zwischen C\u00e1diz und Granada. Deshalb ist es nicht vertretbar, ohne Kenntnis des Standorts f\u00fcr alle Projekte in Andalusien denselben Abschlag anzusetzen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: Capital, Horas \u226418 \u00b0C, Disponibilidad anual, P\u00e9rdida frente a Europa\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Capital<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Capital<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Capitale<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Capoluogo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Hauptstadt<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Horas \u226418 \u00b0C<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Hours \u226418 \u00b0C<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Heures \u226418 \u00b0C<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Ore \u226418 \u00b0C<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Stunden \u226418 \u00b0C<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Disponibilidad anual<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Annual availability<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Disponibilit\u00e9 annuelle<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Disponibilit\u00e0 annuale<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">J\u00e4hrliche Verf\u00fcgbarkeit<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">P\u00e9rdida frente a Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Loss relative to Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Perte par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Perdita rispetto all\u2019Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verlust gegen\u00fcber Europa<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">C\u00e1diz<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">C\u00e1diz<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Cadix<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Cadice<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">C\u00e1diz<\/span><\/td><td>4088<\/td><td>46.7 %<\/td><td>43.9 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Huelva<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Huelva<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Huelva<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Huelva<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Huelva<\/span><\/td><td>4113<\/td><td>47.0 %<\/td><td>43.6 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">C\u00f3rdoba<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">C\u00f3rdoba<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Cordoue<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Cordova<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">C\u00f3rdoba<\/span><\/td><td>4566<\/td><td>52.1 %<\/td><td>37.4 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Sevilla<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Seville<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">S\u00e9ville<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Siviglia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Sevilla<\/span><\/td><td>4615<\/td><td>52.7 %<\/td><td>36.7 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Almer\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Almer\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Almer\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Almer\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Almer\u00eda<\/span><\/td><td>4704<\/td><td>53.7 %<\/td><td>35.5 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">M\u00e1laga<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">M\u00e1laga<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Malaga<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Malaga<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">M\u00e1laga<\/span><\/td><td>4741<\/td><td>54.1 %<\/td><td>35.0 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Ja\u00e9n<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Ja\u00e9n<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Ja\u00e9n<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Ja\u00e9n<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Ja\u00e9n<\/span><\/td><td>5855<\/td><td>66.8 %<\/td><td>19.7 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Granada<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Granada<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Grenade<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Granada<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Granada<\/span><\/td><td>6470<\/td><td>73.9 %<\/td><td>11.3 %<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"une-text-columns\"><div class=\"une-column\"><h3 class=\"kt-heading-3\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">M\u00e9todo horario empleado<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Hourly method used<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">M\u00e9thode horaire employ\u00e9e<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Metodo orario utilizzato<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Angewandte Stundenmethode<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Se analizaron a\u00f1os meteorol\u00f3gicos t\u00edpicos horarios de JRC-PVGIS 5.3, basados en ERA5 y seleccionados dentro de 2005\u20132023. Para cada ubicaci\u00f3n se contaron las horas con temperatura exterior menor o igual que 18, 20 y 22 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Hourly typical meteorological years from JRC-PVGIS 5.3, based on ERA5 and selected within 2005\u20132023, were analysed. For each location, the number of hours with outdoor temperature at or below 18, 20 and 22 \u00b0C was counted.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'analyse a utilis\u00e9 les ann\u00e9es m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques types horaires de JRC-PVGIS 5.3, fond\u00e9es sur ERA5 et s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es entre 2005 et 2023. Pour chaque site, les heures avec une temp\u00e9rature ext\u00e9rieure inf\u00e9rieure ou \u00e9gale \u00e0 18, 20 et 22 \u00b0C ont \u00e9t\u00e9 compt\u00e9es.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Sono stati analizzati anni meteorologici tipici orari di JRC-PVGIS 5.3, basati su ERA5 e selezionati nel periodo 2005\u20132023. Per ogni localit\u00e0 sono state conteggiate le ore con temperatura esterna minore o uguale a 18, 20 e 22 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Untersucht wurden st\u00fcndliche typische meteorologische Jahre aus JRC-PVGIS 5.3, basierend auf ERA5 und aus dem Zeitraum 2005\u20132023 ausgew\u00e4hlt. F\u00fcr jeden Standort wurden die Stunden mit Au\u00dfentemperaturen von h\u00f6chstens 18, 20 und 22 \u00b0C gez\u00e4hlt.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"une-column\"><h3 class=\"kt-heading-3\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Definici\u00f3n de p\u00e9rdida<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Definition of loss<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">D\u00e9finition de la perte<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Definizione della perdita<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Definition des Verlusts<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">P\u00e9rdida (%) = (horas aptas del referente europeo \u2212 horas aptas del \u00e1mbito) \/ horas aptas del referente europeo \u00d7 100.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Loss (%) = (suitable hours in the European reference \u2212 suitable hours in the region) \/ suitable hours in the European reference \u00d7 100.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Perte (%) = (heures adapt\u00e9es de la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence europ\u00e9enne \u2212 heures adapt\u00e9es du territoire) \/ heures adapt\u00e9es de la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence europ\u00e9enne \u00d7 100.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Perdita (%) = (ore idonee del riferimento europeo \u2212 ore idonee del territorio) \/ ore idonee del riferimento europeo \u00d7 100.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verlust (%) = (geeignete Stunden der europ\u00e4ischen Referenz \u2212 geeignete Stunden des betrachteten Gebiets) \/ geeignete Stunden der europ\u00e4ischen Referenz \u00d7 100.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: Referencia, Construcci\u00f3n\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" data-compact=\"true\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Referencia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Reference<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Riferimento<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Referenz<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Construcci\u00f3n<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Method of construction<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">M\u00e9thode de construction<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Metodo di costruzione<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Berechnungsgrundlage<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Europa<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">21 ubicaciones representativas, ponderadas por la potencia IT declarada por cada Estado en la tabla 24 del informe europeo de 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">21 representative locations, weighted by the IT capacity declared by each Member State in Table 24 of the 2025 European report.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">21 sites repr\u00e9sentatifs, pond\u00e9r\u00e9s selon la puissance informatique d\u00e9clar\u00e9e par chaque \u00c9tat au tableau 24 du rapport europ\u00e9en de 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">21 localit\u00e0 rappresentative, ponderate per la potenza IT dichiarata da ogni Stato nella tabella 24 del rapporto europeo del 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">21 repr\u00e4sentative Standorte, gewichtet nach der in Tabelle 24 des europ\u00e4ischen Berichts 2025 von jedem Staat gemeldeten IT-Leistung.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1a<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Spain<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Espagne<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Spagna<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Spanien<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Madrid como proxy de localizaci\u00f3n del principal mercado espa\u00f1ol. No representa autom\u00e1ticamente todos los emplazamientos nacionales.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Madrid as a location proxy for Spain's main market. It does not automatically represent every national site.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Madrid comme site de substitution du principal march\u00e9 espagnol. Il ne repr\u00e9sente pas automatiquement tous les emplacements nationaux.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Madrid come localit\u00e0 rappresentativa del principale mercato spagnolo. Non rappresenta automaticamente tutti i siti nazionali.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Madrid als Standort-Stellvertreter f\u00fcr Spaniens wichtigsten Markt. Es repr\u00e4sentiert nicht automatisch alle nationalen Standorte.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Andaluc\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Andalousie<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Andalusien<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Media simple de las ocho capitales provinciales. Se utiliza como indicador territorial; no como distribuci\u00f3n prevista de potencia IT.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Simple average of the eight provincial capitals. Used as a territorial indicator, not as the expected distribution of IT capacity.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Moyenne simple des huit capitales provinciales. Utilis\u00e9e comme indicateur territorial, et non comme r\u00e9partition pr\u00e9vue de la puissance informatique.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Media semplice degli otto capoluoghi provinciali. Usata come indicatore territoriale, non come distribuzione prevista della potenza IT.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Einfacher Durchschnitt der acht Provinzhauptst\u00e4dte. Er dient als regionaler Indikator und nicht als erwartete Verteilung der IT-Leistung.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Evaluaci\u00f3n con CDD y simulaci\u00f3n horaria para centros de datos<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Assessment using CDD and hourly simulation for data centres<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">\u00c9valuation \u00e0 partir des CDD et de simulations horaires pour les centres de donn\u00e9es<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Valutazione mediante CDD e simulazione oraria per i centri dati<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Bewertung anhand von CDD und st\u00fcndlichen Simulationen f\u00fcr Rechenzentren<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Eurostat define los CDD como un \u00edndice meteorol\u00f3gico para describir la necesidad de refrigeraci\u00f3n de edificios. El c\u00e1lculo se activa cuando la temperatura media diaria alcanza 24 \u00b0C y suma Tm\u221221 \u00b0C..<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Eurostat defines CDD as a weather index describing the cooling needs of buildings. The calculation starts when the mean daily temperature reaches 24 \u00b0C and adds Tm\u221221 \u00b0C..<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Eurostat d\u00e9finit les CDD comme un indice m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique d\u00e9crivant les besoins de refroidissement des b\u00e2timents. Le calcul commence quand la temp\u00e9rature quotidienne moyenne atteint 24 \u00b0C et additionne Tm\u221221 \u00b0C..<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Eurostat definisce i CDD come indice meteorologico che descrive il fabbisogno di raffrescamento degli edifici. Il calcolo si attiva quando la temperatura media giornaliera raggiunge 24 \u00b0C e somma Tm\u221221 \u00b0C..<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Eurostat definiert CDD als Wetterindex zur Beschreibung des K\u00fchlbedarfs von Geb\u00e4uden. Die Berechnung beginnt, wenn die mittlere Tagestemperatur 24 \u00b0C erreicht, und summiert Tm\u221221 \u00b0C..<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Eurostat advierte que los CDD no deben utilizarse por s\u00ed solos como proxy de consumo: influyen dise\u00f1o, uso y sistema de climatizaci\u00f3n.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Eurostat warns that CDD should not be used alone as a proxy for consumption: design, use and the HVAC system also matter.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Eurostat pr\u00e9cise que les CDD ne doivent pas \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s seuls comme indicateur indirect de consommation : la conception, l'usage et le syst\u00e8me de climatisation interviennent \u00e9galement.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Eurostat avverte che i CDD non devono essere utilizzati da soli come indicatore indiretto dei consumi: incidono la progettazione, l'uso e il sistema di climatizzazione.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Eurostat weist darauf hin, dass CDD allein nicht als Ersatzindikator f\u00fcr den Verbrauch dienen d\u00fcrfen: Auslegung, Nutzung und Klimatisierungssystem wirken ebenfalls mit.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: \u00c1mbito, CDD medio, Relaci\u00f3n con UE, Exceso frente a UE\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">\u00c1mbito<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Scope<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">P\u00e9rim\u00e8tre<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Ambito<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Geltungsbereich<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">CDD medio<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Average CDD<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">CDD moyens<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">CDD medi<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Durchschnittliche CDD<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Relaci\u00f3n con UE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Ratio to EU<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Rapport \u00e0 l\u2019UE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Rapporto con l\u2019UE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verh\u00e4ltnis zur EU<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Exceso frente a UE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Excess over EU<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Exc\u00e9dent par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019UE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Eccedenza rispetto all\u2019UE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">\u00dcberschuss gegen\u00fcber der EU<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">UE-27<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">EU-27<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">UE-27<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">UE-27<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">EU-27<\/span><\/td><td>78,7<\/td><td>1,00<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1a<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Spain<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Espagne<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Spagna<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Spanien<\/span><\/td><td>217,0<\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">2,76 veces<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">2.76 times<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">2,76 fois<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">2,76 volte<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">2,76-fach<\/span><\/td><td>+175,8 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Andaluc\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Andalousie<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Andalusien<\/span><\/td><td>391,4<\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">4,97 veces<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">4.97 times<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">4,97 fois<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">4,97 volte<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">4,97-fach<\/span><\/td><td>+397,3 %<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">CONCLUSIONES A LA P\u00c9RDIDA DE DISPONIBILIDAD DE FREE-COOLING<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">CONCLUSIONS ON THE LOSS OF FREE-COOLING AVAILABILITY<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">CONCLUSIONS SUR LA PERTE DE DISPONIBILIT\u00c9 DU FREE COOLING<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">CONCLUSIONI SULLA PERDITA DI DISPONIBILIT\u00c0 DEL FREE COOLING<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN ZUM VERLUST AN FREE-COOLING-VERF\u00dcGBARKEIT<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1a dispone de menos horas t\u00e9rmicamente aptas para free cooling que el referente europeo modelizado. Andaluc\u00eda presenta una penalizaci\u00f3n a\u00fan mayor. El porcentaje defendible es una p\u00e9rdida de disponibilidad horaria, no una p\u00e9rdida directa de energ\u00eda.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Spain has fewer hours thermally suitable for free cooling than the modelled European reference. Andalusia incurs an even greater penalty. The defensible percentage is a loss of hourly availability, not a direct loss of energy.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'Espagne dispose de moins d'heures thermiquement adapt\u00e9es au free cooling que la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence europ\u00e9enne mod\u00e9lis\u00e9e. L'Andalousie subit une p\u00e9nalisation encore plus forte. Le pourcentage d\u00e9fendable exprime une perte de disponibilit\u00e9 horaire, pas une perte directe d'\u00e9nergie.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">La Spagna dispone di meno ore termicamente idonee al free cooling rispetto al riferimento europeo modellizzato. L'Andalusia presenta una penalizzazione ancora maggiore. La percentuale dimostrabile \u00e8 una perdita di disponibilit\u00e0 oraria, non una perdita diretta di energia.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Spanien verf\u00fcgt \u00fcber weniger thermisch f\u00fcr Free Cooling geeignete Stunden als die modellierte europ\u00e4ische Referenz. Andalusien wird noch st\u00e4rker benachteiligt. Die belastbare Prozentangabe beschreibt einen Verlust an st\u00fcndlicher Verf\u00fcgbarkeit, keinen direkten Energieverlust.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1a afronta una reducci\u00f3n aproximada del 19\u201324 % en horas potenciales frente al referente europeo del estudio.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Spain faces an approximate 19\u201324% reduction in potential hours relative to the study's European reference.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'Espagne subit une r\u00e9duction approximative de 19 \u00e0 24 % des heures potentielles par rapport \u00e0 la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence europ\u00e9enne de l'\u00e9tude.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">La Spagna affronta una riduzione approssimativa del 19\u201324% delle ore potenziali rispetto al riferimento europeo dello studio.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Spanien verzeichnet gegen\u00fcber der europ\u00e4ischen Referenz der Studie etwa 19\u201324 % weniger potenziell geeignete Stunden.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Andaluc\u00eda afronta una reducci\u00f3n aproximada del 22\u201333 %. La p\u00e9rdida es mayor al adoptar umbrales m\u00e1s exigentes.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Andalusia faces an approximate 22\u201333% reduction. The loss increases as more demanding thresholds are adopted.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'Andalousie subit une r\u00e9duction approximative de 22 \u00e0 33 %. La perte s'accro\u00eet lorsque des seuils plus exigeants sont retenus.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'Andalusia affronta una riduzione approssimativa del 22\u201333%. La perdita aumenta quando si adottano soglie pi\u00f9 severe.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Andalusien verzeichnet eine Verringerung um etwa 22\u201333 %. Bei strengeren Schwellenwerten steigt der Verlust.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La menor economizaci\u00f3n aumenta las horas de compresor o exige elevar temperaturas de agua\/aire, mejorar intercambio o usar refrigeraci\u00f3n l\u00edquida.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Reduced economisation increases compressor operating hours or requires higher water\/air temperatures, better heat exchange or liquid cooling.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">La r\u00e9duction de l'\u00e9conomisation augmente les heures de fonctionnement des compresseurs ou impose de relever les temp\u00e9ratures de l'eau ou de l'air, d'am\u00e9liorer les \u00e9changes thermiques ou d'utiliser le refroidissement liquide.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">La minore economizzazione aumenta le ore di funzionamento dei compressori o richiede temperature dell'acqua o dell'aria pi\u00f9 elevate, un migliore scambio termico oppure il raffreddamento a liquido.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Weniger Economizer-Betrieb erh\u00f6ht die Kompressorlaufzeit oder erfordert h\u00f6here Wasser-\/Lufttemperaturen, besseren W\u00e4rmeaustausch oder Fl\u00fcssigkeitsk\u00fchlung.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"une-text-columns\"><div class=\"une-column\"><h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Influencia de la humedad ambiental<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Influence of Ambient Humidity<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Influence de l'humidit\u00e9 ambiante<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Influenza dell'umidit\u00e0 ambientale<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Einfluss der Luftfeuchtigkeit<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La humedad no penaliza de forma homog\u00e9nea a Espa\u00f1a ni a Andaluc\u00eda. En el interior, el aire seco apenas limita el free cooling directo y ofrece un margen evaporativo elevado; en el litoral, un punto de roc\u00edo alto elimina m\u00e1s horas de economizaci\u00f3n directa y reduce la capacidad de enfriamiento evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Humidity does not penalise Spain or Andalusia uniformly. Inland, dry air hardly restricts direct free cooling and offers considerable evaporative potential; on the coast, a high dew point removes more direct-economisation hours and reduces evaporative-cooling capacity.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'humidit\u00e9 ne p\u00e9nalise pas de mani\u00e8re uniforme l'Espagne ni l'Andalousie. \u00c0 l'int\u00e9rieur des terres, l'air sec limite peu le free cooling direct et offre un potentiel \u00e9vaporatif important ; sur le littoral, un point de ros\u00e9e \u00e9lev\u00e9 supprime davantage d'heures d'\u00e9conomisation directe et r\u00e9duit la capacit\u00e9 de refroidissement \u00e9vaporatif.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'umidit\u00e0 non penalizza in modo uniforme la Spagna n\u00e9 l'Andalusia. Nell'entroterra l'aria secca limita poco il free cooling diretto e offre un elevato potenziale evaporativo; sulla costa un punto di rugiada alto elimina pi\u00f9 ore di economizzazione diretta e riduce la capacit\u00e0 del raffrescamento evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die Luftfeuchtigkeit benachteiligt Spanien und Andalusien nicht einheitlich. Im Binnenland schr\u00e4nkt trockene Luft das direkte Free Cooling kaum ein und bietet ein hohes Verdunstungspotenzial; an der K\u00fcste schlie\u00dft ein hoher Taupunkt mehr Stunden direkter Economizer-Nutzung aus und verringert die Leistungsf\u00e4higkeit der Verdunstungsk\u00fchlung.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 class=\"kt-heading-3\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Cadena f\u00edsica de influencia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Physical chain of effects<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Cha\u00eene physique des effets<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Catena fisica degli effetti<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Physikalische Wirkungskette<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La forma en que afecta la humedad ambiental:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">How ambient humidity affects the system:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">De quelle mani\u00e8re l'humidit\u00e9 ambiante intervient :<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Come influisce l'umidit\u00e0 ambientale:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Wie sich die Luftfeuchtigkeit auswirkt:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Free cooling directo: el aire exterior puede necesitar mezcla, humidificaci\u00f3n o deshumidificaci\u00f3n antes de alcanzar la entrada IT.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Direct free cooling: outdoor air may need mixing, humidification or dehumidification before it reaches the IT inlet.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Free cooling direct : l'air ext\u00e9rieur peut n\u00e9cessiter un m\u00e9lange, une humidification ou une d\u00e9shumidification avant d'atteindre l'entr\u00e9e informatique.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Free cooling diretto: l'aria esterna pu\u00f2 richiedere miscelazione, umidificazione o deumidificazione prima di raggiungere l'ingresso delle apparecchiature IT.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Direktes Free Cooling: Au\u00dfenluft muss vor dem Eintritt in den IT-Bereich m\u00f6glicherweise gemischt, befeuchtet oder entfeuchtet werden.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"une-column\"><p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Free cooling indirecto\/hidr\u00e1ulico: el aire exterior no entra en sala; domina temperatura seca o h\u00fameda seg\u00fan el intercambiador y la estrategia de rechazo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Indirect\/hydronic free cooling: outdoor air does not enter the room; dry- or wet-bulb temperature dominates according to the heat exchanger and rejection strategy.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Free cooling indirect\/hydraulique : l'air ext\u00e9rieur ne p\u00e9n\u00e8tre pas dans la salle ; la temp\u00e9rature s\u00e8che ou humide pr\u00e9domine selon l'\u00e9changeur et la strat\u00e9gie de rejet.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Free cooling indiretto\/idronico: l'aria esterna non entra nella sala; prevale la temperatura a bulbo secco o umido in funzione dello scambiatore e della strategia di smaltimento.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Indirektes\/hydraulisches Free Cooling: Die Au\u00dfenluft gelangt nicht in den Raum; je nach W\u00e4rmetauscher und W\u00e4rmeabfuhrstrategie ist die Trocken- oder Feuchtkugeltemperatur ma\u00dfgeblich.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Refrigeraci\u00f3n evaporativa: menor humedad absoluta y mayor depresi\u00f3n de bulbo h\u00famedo permiten mayor descenso de temperatura, a cambio de consumo de agua.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Evaporative cooling: lower absolute humidity and a larger wet-bulb depression allow a greater temperature drop, at the cost of water consumption.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Refroidissement \u00e9vaporatif : une humidit\u00e9 absolue plus faible et une d\u00e9pression de bulbe humide plus importante permettent un abaissement de temp\u00e9rature sup\u00e9rieur, au prix d'une consommation d'eau.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Raffrescamento evaporativo: una minore umidit\u00e0 assoluta e una maggiore depressione di bulbo umido consentono un maggiore abbassamento della temperatura, a fronte di un consumo d'acqua.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verdunstungsk\u00fchlung: Geringere absolute Feuchte und eine gr\u00f6\u00dfere Feuchtkugeltemperaturdifferenz erm\u00f6glichen eine st\u00e4rkere Temperaturabsenkung, allerdings bei entsprechendem Wasserverbrauch.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Riesgo operacional: condensaci\u00f3n, corrosi\u00f3n, electricidad est\u00e1tica, contaminaci\u00f3n exterior y control de transitorios deben evaluarse separadamente del promedio anual.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Operational risk: condensation, corrosion, static electricity, outdoor contamination and transient control must be assessed separately from the annual average.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Risque op\u00e9rationnel : condensation, corrosion, \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 statique, contamination ext\u00e9rieure et gestion des transitoires doivent \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9es s\u00e9par\u00e9ment de la moyenne annuelle.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Rischio operativo: condensazione, corrosione, elettricit\u00e0 statica, contaminazione esterna e controllo dei transitori devono essere valutati separatamente dalla media annuale.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Betriebsrisiken: Kondensation, Korrosion, statische Elektrizit\u00e4t, Au\u00dfenluftverschmutzung und die Regelung von \u00dcbergangszust\u00e4nden m\u00fcssen unabh\u00e4ngig vom Jahresdurchschnitt beurteilt werden.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: Magnitud, Resultado principal\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" data-compact=\"true\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Magnitud<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Metric<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Grandeur<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Grandezza<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Kenngr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Resultado principal<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Main finding<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">R\u00e9sultat principal<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Risultato principale<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Hauptergebnis<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1a (Madrid)<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Spain (Madrid)<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Espagne (Madrid)<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Spagna (Madrid)<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Spanien (Madrid)<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La humedad descarta un 0,3 % de las horas t\u00e9rmicamente aptas a 20 \u00b0C; el l\u00edmite dominante es la temperatura.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Humidity excludes 0.3% of the thermally suitable hours at 20 \u00b0C; temperature is the dominant limit.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'humidit\u00e9 exclut 0,3 % des heures thermiquement adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 20 \u00b0C ; la temp\u00e9rature constitue la limite dominante.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'umidit\u00e0 esclude lo 0,3% delle ore termicamente idonee a 20 \u00b0C; il limite dominante \u00e8 la temperatura.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die Feuchte schlie\u00dft 0,3 % der bei 20 \u00b0C thermisch geeigneten Stunden aus; die Temperatur ist der ma\u00dfgebliche Grenzfaktor.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Andaluc\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Andalousie<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Andalusien<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La humedad descarta un 5,0 % como media simple de ocho capitales; el efecto se concentra en el litoral.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Humidity excludes 5.0% as a simple average of eight provincial capitals; the effect is concentrated on the coast.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'humidit\u00e9 exclut 5,0 % en moyenne simple des huit capitales ; l'effet se concentre sur le littoral.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'umidit\u00e0 esclude il 5,0% come media semplice di otto capoluoghi; l'effetto si concentra sulla costa.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die Feuchte schlie\u00dft im einfachen Durchschnitt der acht Provinzhauptst\u00e4dte 5,0 % aus; dieser Effekt konzentriert sich auf die K\u00fcste.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Referente europeo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">European reference<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence europ\u00e9enne<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Riferimento europeo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Europ\u00e4ische Referenz<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La penalizaci\u00f3n ponderada es 4,3 % con la misma condici\u00f3n psicrom\u00e9trica.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">The weighted penalty is 4.3% under the same psychrometric condition.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">La p\u00e9nalisation pond\u00e9r\u00e9e atteint 4,3 % dans la m\u00eame condition psychrom\u00e9trique.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">La penalizzazione ponderata \u00e8 del 4,3% con la stessa condizione psicrometrica.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Der gewichtete Abschlag betr\u00e4gt bei derselben psychrometrischen Bedingung 4,3 %.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Contraste provincial<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Provincial comparison<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Comparaison provinciale<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Confronto provinciale<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Provinzvergleich<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">C\u00e1diz: 11,0 %; Huelva: 10,3 %; Ja\u00e9n: 0,7 %.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">C\u00e1diz: 11.0%; Huelva: 10.3%; Ja\u00e9n: 0.7%.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Cadix : 11,0 % ; Huelva : 10,3 % ; Ja\u00e9n : 0,7 %.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Cadice: 11,0%; Huelva: 10,3%; Ja\u00e9n: 0,7%.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">C\u00e1diz: 11,0 %; Huelva: 10,3 %; Ja\u00e9n: 0,7 %.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Potencial evaporativo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Evaporative potential<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Potentiel \u00e9vaporatif<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Potenziale evaporativo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verdunstungspotenzial<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Mayor en el interior seco; menor en Almer\u00eda y litoral mediterr\u00e1neo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Greater in the dry inland areas; lower in Almer\u00eda and on the Mediterranean coast.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 dans l'int\u00e9rieur sec ; plus faible \u00e0 Almer\u00eda et sur le littoral m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Maggiore nell'entroterra secco; minore ad Almer\u00eda e sulla costa mediterranea.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Im trockenen Binnenland h\u00f6her, in Almer\u00eda und an der Mittelmeerk\u00fcste niedriger.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Conclusi\u00f3n regulatoria<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Regulatory conclusion<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Conclusion r\u00e9glementaire<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Conclusione normativa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Regulatorische Schlussfolgerung<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La humedad cambia la tecnolog\u00eda \u00f3ptima, pero no justifica por s\u00ed sola un factor nacional uniforme de PUE o WUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Humidity changes the optimal technology but does not, by itself, justify a uniform national PUE or WUE factor.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'humidit\u00e9 modifie le choix technologique optimal, mais ne justifie pas, \u00e0 elle seule, un facteur national uniforme de PUE ou de WUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'umidit\u00e0 modifica la tecnologia ottimale, ma non giustifica da sola un fattore nazionale uniforme di PUE o WUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die Luftfeuchte ver\u00e4ndert die optimale Technik, rechtfertigt allein jedoch keinen landesweit einheitlichen PUE- oder WUE-Faktor.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Qu\u00e9 variable de humedad debe utilizarse<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Which humidity variable should be used?<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Quelle variable d'humidit\u00e9 utiliser ?<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Quale variabile di umidit\u00e0 deve essere utilizzata?<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Welche Feuchtegr\u00f6\u00dfe sollte verwendet werden?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La humedad relativa media anual no es una base suficiente para dise\u00f1o. Cambia al calentar o enfriar el aire aunque no se a\u00f1ada ni retire vapor. Por eso el estudio utiliza pares horarios de temperatura y humedad y deriva variables psicrom\u00e9tricas.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Mean annual relative humidity is not a sufficient basis for design. It changes when air is heated or cooled even if no water vapour is added or removed. The study therefore uses hourly temperature\u2013humidity pairs to derive psychrometric variables.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'humidit\u00e9 relative annuelle moyenne n'est pas une base suffisante pour la conception. Elle varie quand on chauffe ou refroidit l'air, m\u00eame sans ajouter ni retirer de vapeur. L'\u00e9tude utilise donc des couples horaires temp\u00e9rature\u2013humidit\u00e9 pour calculer les variables psychrom\u00e9triques.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'umidit\u00e0 relativa media annuale non \u00e8 una base sufficiente per la progettazione. Cambia quando l'aria viene riscaldata o raffreddata anche senza aggiungere n\u00e9 rimuovere vapore. Per questo lo studio utilizza coppie orarie di temperatura e umidit\u00e0 e ricava variabili psicrometriche.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die durchschnittliche j\u00e4hrliche relative Luftfeuchte reicht als Planungsgrundlage nicht aus. Sie \u00e4ndert sich beim Erw\u00e4rmen oder Abk\u00fchlen der Luft selbst dann, wenn kein Wasserdampf hinzugef\u00fcgt oder entzogen wird. Deshalb verwendet die Studie st\u00fcndliche Temperatur-Feuchte-Paare und leitet daraus psychrometrische Gr\u00f6\u00dfen ab.<\/span><\/p><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: Variable, Uso t\u00e9cnico, Limitaci\u00f3n\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" data-compact=\"true\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Variable<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Variable<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Variable<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Variabile<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Variable<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Uso t\u00e9cnico<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Technical use<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Usage technique<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Uso tecnico<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Technische Anwendung<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Limitaci\u00f3n<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Limitation<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Limite<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Limitazione<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Einschr\u00e4nkung<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Punto de roc\u00edo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Dew point<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Point de ros\u00e9e<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Punto di rugiada<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Taupunkt<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Cuantifica el contenido de vapor y permite detectar aire demasiado h\u00famedo o seco.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Quantifies water-vapour content and helps identify air that is too humid or too dry.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Quantifie la teneur en vapeur d'eau et permet de rep\u00e9rer un air trop humide ou trop sec.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Quantifica il contenuto di vapore e permette di individuare aria troppo umida o secca.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Quantifiziert den Wasserdampfgehalt und hilft, zu feuchte oder zu trockene Luft zu erkennen.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">No expresa por s\u00ed solo la capacidad de refrigeraci\u00f3n sensible.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Does not, by itself, express sensible-cooling capacity.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">N'exprime pas, \u00e0 lui seul, la capacit\u00e9 de refroidissement sensible.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Non esprime da sola la capacit\u00e0 di raffrescamento sensibile.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Dr\u00fcckt f\u00fcr sich genommen nicht die sensible K\u00fchlleistung aus.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Raz\u00f3n de humedad<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Humidity ratio<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Rapport d\u2019humidit\u00e9<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Rapporto di umidit\u00e0<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Feuchteverh\u00e4ltnis<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Balance de masa de vapor, humidificaci\u00f3n y deshumidificaci\u00f3n.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Water-vapour mass balance, humidification and dehumidification.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Bilan de masse de vapeur d'eau, humidification et d\u00e9shumidification.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Bilancio di massa del vapore, umidificazione e deumidificazione.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Wasserdampf-Massenbilanz, Befeuchtung und Entfeuchtung.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Requiere presi\u00f3n barom\u00e9trica y condiciones de mezcla para un c\u00e1lculo detallado.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Requires barometric pressure and mixing conditions for a detailed calculation.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">N\u00e9cessite la pression barom\u00e9trique et les conditions de m\u00e9lange pour un calcul d\u00e9taill\u00e9.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Richiede pressione barometrica e condizioni di miscelazione per un calcolo dettagliato.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">F\u00fcr eine detaillierte Berechnung werden Luftdruck und Mischungsbedingungen ben\u00f6tigt.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Depresi\u00f3n de bulbo h\u00famedo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Wet-bulb depression<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">D\u00e9pression de bulbe humide<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Depressione di bulbo umido<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Feuchtkugeltemperaturdifferenz<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Potencial termodin\u00e1mico de enfriamiento evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Thermodynamic potential for evaporative cooling.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Potentiel thermodynamique du refroidissement \u00e9vaporatif.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Potenziale termodinamico di raffrescamento evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Thermodynamisches Potenzial der Verdunstungsk\u00fchlung.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">El equipo real no alcanza el bulbo h\u00famedo; depende de eficacia, agua y control.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Real equipment does not reach the wet-bulb temperature; results depend on effectiveness, water and controls.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'\u00e9quipement r\u00e9el n'atteint pas la temp\u00e9rature de bulbe humide ; le r\u00e9sultat d\u00e9pend de l'efficacit\u00e9, de l'eau et de la r\u00e9gulation.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'apparecchiatura reale non raggiunge la temperatura a bulbo umido; dipende da efficacia, acqua e controllo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Reale Anlagen erreichen die Feuchtkugeltemperatur nicht; das Ergebnis h\u00e4ngt von Wirksamkeit, Wasser und Regelung ab.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Humedad relativa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Relative humidity<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Humidit\u00e9 relative<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Umidit\u00e0 relativa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Relative Luftfeuchte<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Comprobaci\u00f3n de l\u00edmites en la entrada IT.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Checking limits at the IT inlet.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Contr\u00f4le des limites \u00e0 l'entr\u00e9e informatique.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Verifica dei limiti all'ingresso IT.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Pr\u00fcfung der Grenzwerte am IT-Einlass.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">No debe usarse aislada como indicador clim\u00e1tico.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Should not be used alone as a climate indicator.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Ne doit pas \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e isol\u00e9ment comme indicateur climatique.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Non deve essere usata isolatamente come indicatore climatico.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Darf nicht isoliert als Klimakennzahl verwendet werden.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">M\u00e9todo y l\u00edmites de interpretaci\u00f3n<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Method and limits of interpretation<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">M\u00e9thode et limites d'interpr\u00e9tation<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Metodo e limiti di interpretazione<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Methodik und Grenzen der Interpretation<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Se han procesado 8.760 pares horarios de temperatura seca y humedad relativa por ubicaci\u00f3n de un a\u00f1o meteorol\u00f3gico t\u00edpico JRC-PVGIS 5.3, basado en ERA5 y seleccionado dentro de 2005\u20132023. El punto de roc\u00edo se calcula con la formulaci\u00f3n de Magnus y el bulbo h\u00famedo con la aproximaci\u00f3n de Stull.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">For each location, 8,760 hourly pairs of dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity from a JRC-PVGIS 5.3 typical meteorological year, based on ERA5 and selected within 2005\u20132023, were processed. Dew point was calculated using the Magnus formulation and wet-bulb temperature using the Stull approximation.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Pour chaque site, 8 760 couples horaires de temp\u00e9rature s\u00e8che et d'humidit\u00e9 relative d'une ann\u00e9e m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique type JRC-PVGIS 5.3, fond\u00e9e sur ERA5 et s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9e entre 2005 et 2023, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9s. Le point de ros\u00e9e est calcul\u00e9 avec la formule de Magnus et le bulbe humide avec l'approximation de Stull.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Sono state elaborate 8.760 coppie orarie di temperatura a bulbo secco e umidit\u00e0 relativa per ogni sito di un anno meteorologico tipico JRC-PVGIS 5.3, basato su ERA5 e selezionato nel periodo 2005\u20132023. Il punto di rugiada \u00e8 calcolato con la formula di Magnus e la temperatura a bulbo umido con l'approssimazione di Stull.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">F\u00fcr jeden Standort wurden 8.760 st\u00fcndliche Paare aus Trockenkugeltemperatur und relativer Luftfeuchte eines typischen meteorologischen Jahres von JRC-PVGIS 5.3 verarbeitet, basierend auf ERA5 und ausgew\u00e4hlt im Zeitraum 2005\u20132023. Der Taupunkt wird mit der Magnus-Formel und die Feuchtkugeltemperatur mit der N\u00e4herung nach Stull berechnet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: Elemento, Definici\u00f3n adoptada\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" data-compact=\"true\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Elemento<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Element<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">\u00c9l\u00e9ment<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Elemento<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Element<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Definici\u00f3n adoptada<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Adopted definition<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">D\u00e9finition retenue<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Definizione adottata<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verwendete Definition<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Filtro t\u00e9rmico<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Thermal filter<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Filtre thermique<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Filtro termico<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Temperaturfilter<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Horas con temperatura exterior \u2264 18, 20 o 22 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Hours with outdoor temperature \u2264 18, 20 or 22 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Heures avec temp\u00e9rature ext\u00e9rieure \u2264 18, 20 ou 22 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Ore con temperatura esterna \u2264 18, 20 o 22 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Stunden mit Au\u00dfentemperatur \u2264 18, 20 oder 22 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Cribado higrom\u00e9trico  recomendado<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Recommended humidity screening<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Filtrage hygrom\u00e9trique recommand\u00e9<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Screening igrometrico consigliato<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Empfohlene Feuchtepr\u00fcfung<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Punto de roc\u00edo exterior entre \u22129 y 15 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Outdoor dew point between \u22129 and 15 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Point de ros\u00e9e ext\u00e9rieur entre \u22129 et 15 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Punto di rugiada esterno tra \u22129 e 15 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Au\u00dfentaupunkt zwischen \u22129 und 15 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Sensibilidad permisible<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Permissive sensitivity<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Sensibilit\u00e9 permissive<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Sensibilit\u00e0 permissiva<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Gro\u00dfz\u00fcgiger Toleranzbereich<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Punto de roc\u00edo exterior entre \u221212 y 17 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Outdoor dew point between \u221212 and 17 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Point de ros\u00e9e ext\u00e9rieur entre \u221212 et 17 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Punto di rugiada esterno tra \u221212 e 17 \u00b0C.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Au\u00dfentaupunkt zwischen \u221212 und 17 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Evaporaci\u00f3n idealizada<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Idealised evaporation<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">\u00c9vaporation id\u00e9alis\u00e9e<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Evaporazione idealizzata<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Idealisierte Verdunstung<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Eficacia de saturaci\u00f3n del 80 %; hora recuperable si Tsalida \u2264 umbral.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">80% saturation effectiveness; hour recoverable if outlet temperature \u2264 threshold.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Efficacit\u00e9 de saturation de 80 % ; heure r\u00e9cup\u00e9rable si la temp\u00e9rature de sortie \u2264 seuil.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Efficacia di saturazione dell'80%; ora recuperabile se la temperatura di uscita \u2264 soglia.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">80 % S\u00e4ttigungswirksamkeit; Stunde nutzbar, wenn die Austrittstemperatur \u2264 Schwelle ist.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Europa<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">21 ubicaciones ponderadas por potencia IT declarada por Estado en el informe europeo de 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">21 locations weighted by the IT capacity reported by each State in the 2025 European report.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">21 sites pond\u00e9r\u00e9s selon la puissance informatique d\u00e9clar\u00e9e par \u00c9tat dans le rapport europ\u00e9en de 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">21 localit\u00e0 ponderate per la potenza IT dichiarata da ciascuno Stato nel rapporto europeo del 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">21 Standorte, gewichtet nach der von den Staaten im europ\u00e4ischen Bericht 2025 gemeldeten IT-Leistung.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1a<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Spain<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Espagne<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Spagna<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Spanien<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Madrid como proxy del principal mercado; no es una media territorial nacional.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Madrid as a proxy for the main market; not a national territorial average.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Madrid comme approximation du march\u00e9 principal ; ce n'est pas une moyenne territoriale nationale.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Madrid come rappresentazione del mercato principale; non \u00e8 una media territoriale nazionale.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Madrid als Stellvertreter f\u00fcr den wichtigsten Markt, kein landesweiter regionaler Mittelwert.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Andaluc\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Andalousie<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Andalusien<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Media simple de las ocho capitales; no ponderada por potencia IT.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Simple average of the eight capitals; not weighted by IT capacity.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Moyenne simple des huit capitales, non pond\u00e9r\u00e9e par la puissance informatique.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Media semplice degli otto capoluoghi; non ponderata per potenza IT.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Einfacher Durchschnitt der acht Hauptst\u00e4dte, nicht nach IT-Leistung gewichtet.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Penalizaci\u00f3n adicional sobre el free cooling directo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Additional penalty for direct free cooling<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">P\u00e9nalisation suppl\u00e9mentaire du free cooling direct<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Penalizzazione aggiuntiva del free cooling diretto<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Zus\u00e4tzlicher Abschlag beim direkten Free Cooling<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<figure class=\"une-figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Gr\u00e1fico original: penalizaci\u00f3n adicional por humedad exterior\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"488\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/dc04-02-grafico-penalizacion-humedad.webp\" width=\"960\"\/><\/figure><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: Umbral, Europa, Espa\u00f1a (Madrid), Andaluc\u00eda\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Umbral<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Threshold<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Seuil<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Soglia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Schwellenwert<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Europa<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Europa<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1a (Madrid)<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Spain (Madrid)<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Espagne (Madrid)<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Spagna (Madrid)<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Spanien (Madrid)<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Andaluc\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Andalousie<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Andalusia<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Andalusien<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>18 \u00b0C<\/td><td>3.0 %<\/td><td>0.2 %<\/td><td>2.0 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>20 \u00b0C<\/td><td>4.3 %<\/td><td>0.3 %<\/td><td>5.0 %<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>22 \u00b0C<\/td><td>5.2 %<\/td><td>0.3 %<\/td><td>9.2 %<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">A 20 \u00b0C, la humedad elimina 336 horas ponderadas en Europa, 21 horas en Madrid y 283 horas en Andaluc\u00eda. En esta \u00faltima, 264 horas se deben a exceso de humedad y 18 a aire demasiado seco seg\u00fan la ventana recomendada.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">At 20 \u00b0C, humidity excludes 336 weighted hours in Europe, 21 hours in Madrid and 283 hours in Andalusia. In the latter, 264 hours are due to excess humidity and 18 to air that is too dry according to the recommended range.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">\u00c0 20 \u00b0C, l'humidit\u00e9 exclut 336 heures pond\u00e9r\u00e9es en Europe, 21 heures \u00e0 Madrid et 283 heures en Andalousie. Pour cette derni\u00e8re, 264 heures sont dues \u00e0 une humidit\u00e9 excessive et 18 \u00e0 un air trop sec selon la plage recommand\u00e9e.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">A 20 \u00b0C l'umidit\u00e0 esclude 336 ore ponderate in Europa, 21 ore a Madrid e 283 ore in Andalusia. In quest'ultima, 264 ore sono dovute all'eccesso di umidit\u00e0 e 18 ad aria troppo secca secondo l'intervallo consigliato.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Bei 20 \u00b0C schlie\u00dft die Luftfeuchte in Europa 336 gewichtete Stunden, in Madrid 21 Stunden und in Andalusien 283 Stunden aus. Dort entfallen nach dem empfohlenen Bereich 264 Stunden auf \u00fcberh\u00f6hte Feuchte und 18 auf zu trockene Luft.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Distribuci\u00f3n europea de la severidad higrom\u00e9trica<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">European distribution of humidity-related severity<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">R\u00e9partition europ\u00e9enne de la rigueur hygrom\u00e9trique<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Distribuzione europea della severit\u00e0 igrometrica<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Europ\u00e4ische Verteilung der Feuchtebelastung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<figure class=\"une-figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mapa original: severidad higrom\u00e9trica de free cooling en Europa\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"1333\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/dc04-03-mapa-humedad-europa.webp\" width=\"2033\"\/><\/figure><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<figure class=\"une-figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mapa original: severidad higrom\u00e9trica de free cooling en Espa\u00f1a\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"1325\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/dc04-04-mapa-humedad-espana.webp\" width=\"2031\"\/><\/figure>\r\n<figure class=\"une-figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mapa original: severidad higrom\u00e9trica de free cooling en Andaluc\u00eda\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"544\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/dc04-05-mapa-humedad-andalucia_v2.webp\" width=\"968\"\/><\/figure><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Consecuencias para PUE 1,15 y WUE 0,10<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Consequences for PUE 1.15 and WUE 0.10<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Cons\u00e9quences pour PUE 1,15 et WUE 0,10<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Conseguenze per PUE 1,15 e WUE 0,10<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Auswirkungen auf PUE 1,15 und WUE 0,10<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<div aria-label=\"Tabla: Condici\u00f3n clim\u00e1tica, Presi\u00f3n sobre PUE, Presi\u00f3n sobre WUE, Respuesta de dise\u00f1o\" class=\"une-table-scroll\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Condici\u00f3n clim\u00e1tica<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Climate condition<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Condition climatique<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Condizione climatica<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Klimatische Bedingung<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Presi\u00f3n sobre PUE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Pressure on PUE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Pression sur le PUE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Pressione sul PUE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Druck auf den PUE<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Presi\u00f3n sobre WUE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Pressure on WUE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Pression sur le WUE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Pressione sul WUE<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Druck auf den WUE<\/span><\/th><th scope=\"col\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Respuesta de dise\u00f1o<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Design response<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">R\u00e9ponse de conception<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Risposta progettuale<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Planerische Antwort<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Interior c\u00e1lido y seco<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Hot, dry inland climate<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Int\u00e9rieur chaud et sec<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Entroterra caldo e secco<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Warmes, trockenes Binnenland<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Menos free cooling por temperatura; alto potencial evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Fewer free-cooling hours due to temperature; high evaporative potential.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Moins d'heures de free cooling en raison de la temp\u00e9rature ; potentiel \u00e9vaporatif \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Meno ore di free cooling per la temperatura; elevato potenziale evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Weniger Free-Cooling-Stunden aufgrund der Temperatur; hohes Verdunstungspotenzial.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">El uso evaporativo facilita PUE, pero dificulta WUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Evaporative use helps PUE but makes WUE harder to meet.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'usage de l'\u00e9vaporation facilite le PUE, mais complique le WUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'uso dell'evaporazione agevola il PUE, ma rende pi\u00f9 difficile il WUE.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Verdunstungsk\u00fchlung erleichtert die Einhaltung des PUE, erschwert aber den WUE.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Rechazo seco eficiente, temperaturas elevadas de agua, refrigeraci\u00f3n l\u00edquida y control por coste agua-energ\u00eda.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Efficient dry heat rejection, higher water temperatures, liquid cooling and control based on the water\u2013energy cost trade-off.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Rejet thermique sec efficace, temp\u00e9ratures d'eau plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es, refroidissement liquide et pilotage selon le compromis entre co\u00fbt de l'eau et de l'\u00e9nergie.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Smaltimento a secco efficiente, temperature dell'acqua pi\u00f9 elevate, raffreddamento a liquido e controllo in base al compromesso tra costo dell'acqua e dell'energia.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Effiziente trockene W\u00e4rmeabfuhr, h\u00f6here Wassertemperaturen, Fl\u00fcssigkeitsk\u00fchlung und Regelung nach dem Wasser-Energie-Kostenkompromiss.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Litoral c\u00e1lido y h\u00famedo<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Hot, humid coastal climate<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Littoral chaud et humide<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Litorale caldo e umido<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Warme, feuchte K\u00fcste<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Menos horas de economizaci\u00f3n directa y menor margen evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Fewer hours of direct economisation and less evaporative margin.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Moins d'heures d'\u00e9conomisation directe et une marge \u00e9vaporative plus faible.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Meno ore di economizzazione diretta e minore margine evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Weniger Stunden direkter Economizer-Nutzung und geringerer Verdunstungsspielraum.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Puede requerir m\u00e1s agua para el mismo efecto o recurrir a sistema seco.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">May require more water for the same effect or a switch to a dry system.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Peut exiger davantage d'eau pour le m\u00eame effet ou le recours \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me sec.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Pu\u00f2 richiedere pi\u00f9 acqua per lo stesso effetto o il ricorso a un sistema a secco.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">F\u00fcr denselben Effekt kann mehr Wasser oder ein Trockensystem erforderlich sein.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Indirecto\/hidr\u00e1ulico, selecci\u00f3n por bulbo h\u00famedo, mezcla y control de punto de roc\u00edo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Indirect\/hydronic cooling, wet-bulb-based selection, mixing and dew-point control.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Indirect\/hydraulique, s\u00e9lection selon le bulbe humide, m\u00e9lange et contr\u00f4le du point de ros\u00e9e.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Indiretto\/idronico, selezione in base al bulbo umido, miscelazione e controllo del punto di rugiada.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Indirektes\/hydraulisches System, Auswahl nach Feuchtkugeltemperatur, Mischung und Taupunktregelung.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Europa fr\u00eda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Cooler Europe<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Europe froide<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Europa fredda<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">K\u00fchleres Europa<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">M\u00e1s horas t\u00e9rmicas; puede existir descarte por aire fr\u00edo\/seco.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">More thermally suitable hours; some may be excluded because of cold\/dry air.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Davantage d'heures thermiquement adapt\u00e9es ; certaines peuvent \u00eatre exclues en raison d'un air froid\/sec.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Pi\u00f9 ore termicamente idonee; alcune possono essere escluse per aria fredda\/secca.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Mehr thermisch geeignete Stunden; ein Teil kann wegen kalter\/trockener Luft entfallen.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Menor necesidad anual de evaporaci\u00f3n.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Less annual need for evaporation.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Besoin annuel d'\u00e9vaporation plus faible.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Minore necessit\u00e0 annuale di evaporazione.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Geringerer j\u00e4hrlicher Verdunstungsbedarf.<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Economizaci\u00f3n amplia, pero con control higrom\u00e9trico y de contaminaci\u00f3n.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Extensive economisation, with humidity and contamination control.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">\u00c9conomisation \u00e9tendue, avec ma\u00eetrise de l'humidit\u00e9 et de la contamination.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Economizzazione ampia, ma con controllo igrometrico e della contaminazione.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Umfassende Economizer-Nutzung mit Feuchte- und Verschmutzungskontrolle.<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Implicaciones principales<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Main implications<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Principales implications<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Principali implicazioni<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Wichtigste Auswirkungen<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">No procede aplicar un \u00fanico coeficiente de humedad a toda Espa\u00f1a o Andaluc\u00eda.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">A single humidity coefficient should not be applied across Spain or Andalusia.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Il ne convient pas d'appliquer un coefficient d'humidit\u00e9 unique \u00e0 toute l'Espagne ou l'Andalousie.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Non \u00e8 opportuno applicare un unico coefficiente di umidit\u00e0 a tutta la Spagna o l'Andalusia.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">F\u00fcr ganz Spanien oder Andalusien sollte kein einheitlicher Feuchtekoeffizient angesetzt werden.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Un objetivo simult\u00e1neo PUE \u2264 1,15 y WUE \u2264 0,10 es especialmente exigente cuando el clima obliga a elegir entre compresi\u00f3n seca y apoyo evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">A simultaneous target of PUE \u2264 1.15 and WUE \u2264 0.10 is particularly demanding when the climate forces a choice between dry mechanical compression and evaporative assistance.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Un objectif simultan\u00e9 PUE \u2264 1,15 et WUE \u2264 0,10 est particuli\u00e8rement exigeant lorsque le climat impose de choisir entre compression m\u00e9canique s\u00e8che et appoint \u00e9vaporatif.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Un obiettivo simultaneo PUE \u2264 1,15 e WUE \u2264 0,10 \u00e8 particolarmente impegnativo quando il clima obbliga a scegliere tra compressione meccanica a secco e supporto evaporativo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Ein gleichzeitiges Ziel von PUE \u2264 1,15 und WUE \u2264 0,10 ist besonders anspruchsvoll, wenn das Klima zur Wahl zwischen trockener mechanischer Verdichtung und Verdunstungsunterst\u00fctzung zwingt.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La humedad no demuestra imposibilidad t\u00e9cnica. Demuestra diferencias de esfuerzo, arquitectura, coste, agua y margen de cumplimiento seg\u00fan emplazamiento.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Humidity does not demonstrate technical impossibility. It demonstrates differences in effort, system architecture, cost, water use and compliance margin between locations.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'humidit\u00e9 ne d\u00e9montre pas une impossibilit\u00e9 technique. Elle montre des diff\u00e9rences d'effort, d'architecture, de co\u00fbt, de consommation d'eau et de marge de conformit\u00e9 selon le site.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'umidit\u00e0 non dimostra un'impossibilit\u00e0 tecnica. Mostra differenze di impegno, architettura, costo, acqua e margine di conformit\u00e0 a seconda del sito.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die Luftfeuchte beweist keine technische Unm\u00f6glichkeit. Sie zeigt standortabh\u00e4ngige Unterschiede bei Aufwand, Systemarchitektur, Kosten, Wasserbedarf und Einhaltungsspielraum.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">La evaluaci\u00f3n regulatoria deber\u00eda exigir simulaci\u00f3n horaria con temperatura seca, h\u00fameda o punto de roc\u00edo, curvas a carga parcial y tecnolog\u00eda de rechazo claramente definida.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Regulatory assessment should require hourly simulation with dry-bulb, wet-bulb or dew-point data, part-load performance curves and a clearly defined heat-rejection technology.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'\u00e9valuation r\u00e9glementaire devrait imposer une simulation horaire utilisant la temp\u00e9rature s\u00e8che, la temp\u00e9rature humide ou le point de ros\u00e9e, des courbes \u00e0 charge partielle et une technologie de rejet clairement d\u00e9finie.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">La valutazione normativa dovrebbe richiedere una simulazione oraria con temperatura a bulbo secco, umido o punto di rugiada, curve di rendimento a carico parziale e tecnologia di smaltimento del calore chiaramente definita.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die regulatorische Bewertung sollte st\u00fcndliche Simulationen mit Trockenkugel-, Feuchtkugel- oder Taupunkttemperatur, Teillastkennlinien und klar definierter W\u00e4rmeabfuhrtechnik verlangen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">El WUE debe considerar disponibilidad y calidad local del agua, purgas y ciclos de concentraci\u00f3n, no solo litros nominales del equipo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">WUE should take local water availability and quality, blowdown and cycles of concentration into account, not merely equipment's nominal litres.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Le WUE doit tenir compte de la disponibilit\u00e9 et de la qualit\u00e9 de l'eau locale, des purges et des cycles de concentration, et pas seulement des litres nominaux des \u00e9quipements.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Il WUE deve considerare disponibilit\u00e0 e qualit\u00e0 locale dell'acqua, spurghi e cicli di concentrazione, non soltanto i litri nominali delle apparecchiature.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Der WUE muss lokale Wasserverf\u00fcgbarkeit und -qualit\u00e4t, Abschl\u00e4mmung und Eindickungszyklen ber\u00fccksichtigen und nicht nur die nominalen Literangaben der Ger\u00e4te.<\/span><\/p><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Conclusi\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Technical conclusion<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Conclusion technique<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Conclusione tecnica<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Technische Schlussfolgerung<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Presentamos las conclusiones que podemos extraer del estudio:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">We present the conclusions that can be drawn from the study:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Nous pr\u00e9sentons les conclusions qui peuvent \u00eatre tir\u00e9es de l'\u00e9tude :<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Presentiamo le conclusioni che possiamo trarre dallo studio:<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Wir stellen die Schlussfolgerungen vor, die sich aus der Studie ableiten lassen:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Los objetivos PUE \u2264 1,15 y WUE \u2264 0,10 L\/kWh IT son mucho m\u00e1s exigentes que el desempe\u00f1o actualmente declarado. La muestra europea registra un PUE medio de 1,36 y un WUE de 0,58 L\/kWh; Espa\u00f1a alcanza 1,66 y 0,70 L\/kWh, respectivamente.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">The targets PUE \u2264 1.15 and WUE \u2264 0.10 L\/kWh IT are much more demanding than currently reported performance. The European sample has an average PUE of 1.36 and WUE of 0.58 L\/kWh; Spain reaches 1.66 and 0.70 L\/kWh, respectively.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Les objectifs PUE \u2264 1,15 et WUE \u2264 0,10 L\/kWh informatique sont bien plus exigeants que les performances actuellement d\u00e9clar\u00e9es. L'\u00e9chantillon europ\u00e9en indique un PUE moyen de 1,36 et un WUE de 0,58 L\/kWh ; l'Espagne atteint respectivement 1,66 et 0,70 L\/kWh.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Gli obiettivi PUE \u2264 1,15 e WUE \u2264 0,10 L\/kWh IT sono molto pi\u00f9 esigenti delle prestazioni attualmente dichiarate. Il campione europeo registra un PUE medio di 1,36 e un WUE di 0,58 L\/kWh; la Spagna raggiunge rispettivamente 1,66 e 0,70 L\/kWh.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Die Ziele PUE \u2264 1,15 und WUE \u2264 0,10 L\/kWh IT sind wesentlich anspruchsvoller als die derzeit gemeldeten Leistungswerte. Die europ\u00e4ische Stichprobe weist einen mittleren PUE von 1,36 und einen WUE von 0,58 L\/kWh auf; Spanien erreicht 1,66 bzw. 0,70 L\/kWh.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">El clima impide exigir el mismo esfuerzo t\u00e9cnico en toda Europa. Espa\u00f1a presenta 217 grados-d\u00eda de refrigeraci\u00f3n frente a 78,7 de la UE-27; Andaluc\u00eda alcanza 391,4. Esta severidad aumenta las horas de refrigeraci\u00f3n mec\u00e1nica y reduce el aprovechamiento del free cooling.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Climate makes it impossible to demand the same technical effort throughout Europe. Spain has 217 cooling degree days compared with 78.7 for the EU-27; Andalusia reaches 391.4. This severity increases mechanical-cooling hours and reduces the benefit of free cooling.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Le climat emp\u00eache d'exiger le m\u00eame effort technique dans toute l'Europe. L'Espagne pr\u00e9sente 217 degr\u00e9s-jours de refroidissement contre 78,7 pour l'UE-27 ; l'Andalousie atteint 391,4. Cette rigueur accro\u00eet les heures de refroidissement m\u00e9canique et r\u00e9duit l'utilisation du free cooling.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Il clima impedisce di esigere lo stesso sforzo tecnico in tutta Europa. La Spagna presenta 217 gradi-giorno di raffrescamento contro 78,7 dell'UE-27; l'Andalusia raggiunge 391,4. Questa severit\u00e0 aumenta le ore di raffrescamento meccanico e riduce lo sfruttamento del free cooling.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Aufgrund des Klimas kann nicht \u00fcberall in Europa derselbe technische Aufwand verlangt werden. Spanien weist 217 K\u00fchlgradtage gegen\u00fcber 78,7 in der EU-27 auf; Andalusien erreicht 391,4. Diese klimatische Belastung erh\u00f6ht die Stunden mechanischer K\u00fchlung und verringert die Nutzung des Free Cooling.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Andaluc\u00eda parte de una desventaja clim\u00e1tica especialmente acusada. El informe estima entre un 22 % y un 33 % menos de horas potenciales de free cooling respecto al referente europeo, seg\u00fan el umbral exterior considerado. Esta p\u00e9rdida no equivale directamente al mismo porcentaje de consumo adicional.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Andalusia starts from a particularly pronounced climatic disadvantage. The report estimates 22\u201333% fewer potential free-cooling hours than the European reference, depending on the outdoor-temperature threshold chosen. This loss does not directly equal the same percentage of additional energy consumption.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">L'Andalousie souffre d'un d\u00e9savantage climatique particuli\u00e8rement marqu\u00e9. Le rapport estime entre 22 et 33 % de moins d'heures potentielles de free cooling par rapport \u00e0 la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence europ\u00e9enne, selon le seuil ext\u00e9rieur retenu. Cette perte ne correspond pas directement au m\u00eame pourcentage de consommation suppl\u00e9mentaire.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">L'Andalusia parte da uno svantaggio climatico particolarmente marcato. Il rapporto stima dal 22 al 33% di ore potenziali di free cooling in meno rispetto al riferimento europeo, secondo la soglia esterna considerata. Questa perdita non equivale direttamente alla stessa percentuale di consumo aggiuntivo.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Andalusien beginnt mit einem besonders ausgepr\u00e4gten klimatischen Nachteil. Der Bericht sch\u00e4tzt je nach gew\u00e4hlter Au\u00dfentemperaturschwelle 22\u201333 % weniger potenzielle Free-Cooling-Stunden als bei der europ\u00e4ischen Referenz. Dieser Verlust entspricht nicht unmittelbar demselben Prozentsatz an zus\u00e4tzlichem Energieverbrauch.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">PUE y WUE generan un conflicto t\u00e9cnico en climas c\u00e1lidos. La refrigeraci\u00f3n evaporativa puede reducir el consumo el\u00e9ctrico y mejorar el PUE, pero aumenta el uso de agua. Los sistemas secos reducen el WUE, aunque normalmente elevan el consumo el\u00e9ctrico durante temperaturas exteriores altas.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">PUE and WUE create a technical conflict in warm climates. Evaporative cooling can reduce electricity consumption and improve PUE, but it increases water use. Dry systems reduce WUE, although they generally increase electricity use at high outdoor temperatures.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Le PUE et le WUE cr\u00e9ent un conflit technique dans les climats chauds. Le refroidissement \u00e9vaporatif peut r\u00e9duire la consommation \u00e9lectrique et am\u00e9liorer le PUE, mais augmente l'usage de l'eau. Les syst\u00e8mes secs r\u00e9duisent le WUE, mais augmentent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la consommation \u00e9lectrique quand la temp\u00e9rature ext\u00e9rieure est \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">PUE e WUE generano un conflitto tecnico nei climi caldi. Il raffrescamento evaporativo pu\u00f2 ridurre il consumo elettrico e migliorare il PUE, ma aumenta l'uso dell'acqua. I sistemi a secco riducono il WUE, bench\u00e9 normalmente aumentino il consumo elettrico a temperature esterne elevate.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">PUE und WUE f\u00fchren in warmen Klimazonen zu einem technischen Zielkonflikt. Verdunstungsk\u00fchlung kann den Stromverbrauch senken und den PUE verbessern, erh\u00f6ht aber den Wasserbedarf. Trockensysteme verringern den WUE, erh\u00f6hen bei hohen Au\u00dfentemperaturen jedoch meist den Stromverbrauch.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">No resulta t\u00e9cnicamente s\u00f3lido imponer ambos l\u00edmites de forma uniforme y sin correcciones. La regulaci\u00f3n deber\u00eda considerar clima, emplazamiento, carga IT, tama\u00f1o, redundancia, tecnolog\u00eda de refrigeraci\u00f3n, origen del agua y fase de ocupaci\u00f3n. El informe acredita una dificultad comparativa, aunque no demuestra una imposibilidad t\u00e9cnica universal.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Imposing both limits uniformly and without adjustments is not technically sound. Regulation should consider climate, location, IT load, size, redundancy, cooling technology, water source and occupancy stage. The report demonstrates a comparative difficulty, but not a universal technical impossibility.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Il n'est pas techniquement fond\u00e9 d'imposer uniform\u00e9ment les deux limites sans ajustements. La r\u00e9glementation devrait prendre en compte le climat, le site, la charge informatique, la taille, la redondance, la technologie de refroidissement, l'origine de l'eau et la phase d'occupation. Le rapport d\u00e9montre une difficult\u00e9 comparative, sans prouver une impossibilit\u00e9 technique universelle.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Non \u00e8 tecnicamente fondato imporre entrambi i limiti in modo uniforme e senza correzioni. La normativa dovrebbe considerare clima, ubicazione, carico IT, dimensioni, ridondanza, tecnologia di raffrescamento, provenienza dell'acqua e fase di occupazione. Il rapporto dimostra una difficolt\u00e0 comparativa, ma non un'impossibilit\u00e0 tecnica universale.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Beide Grenzwerte ohne Anpassungen einheitlich vorzuschreiben, ist technisch nicht sinnvoll. Die Regulierung sollte Klima, Standort, IT-Last, Gr\u00f6\u00dfe, Redundanz, K\u00fchltechnik, Wasserherkunft und Auslastungsphase ber\u00fccksichtigen. Der Bericht belegt eine vergleichsweise gr\u00f6\u00dfere Schwierigkeit, aber keine allgemeine technische Unm\u00f6glichkeit.<\/span><\/p><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"une-section\">\r\n<div class=\"une-source-list\"><div class=\"une-text-columns\"><div class=\"une-column\"><h2 class=\"kt-heading-2\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Fuentes y trazabilidad<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Sources and traceability<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Sources et tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Fonti e tracciabilit\u00e0<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Quellen und Nachvollziehbarkeit<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">AEMET. Olas de calor en Espa\u00f1a desde 1975. Metodolog\u00eda y series oficiales. <\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">AEMET. Heatwaves in Spain since 1975. Official methodology and data series.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">AEMET. Vagues de chaleur en Espagne depuis 1975. M\u00e9thodologie et s\u00e9ries officielles.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">AEMET. Ondate di calore in Spagna dal 1975. Metodologia e serie ufficiali.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">AEMET. Hitzewellen in Spanien seit 1975. Offizielle Methodik und Zeitreihen.<\/span> <a class=\"kt-editorial-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aemet.es\/es\/conocermas\/recursos_en_linea\/publicaciones_y_estudios\/estudios\/detalles\/olascalor\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aemet.es\/es\/conocermas\/recursos_en_linea\/publicaciones_y_estudios\/estudios\/detalles\/olascalor<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">AEMET. Informe sobre el estado del clima de Espa\u00f1a 2023: evoluci\u00f3n de duraci\u00f3n, extensi\u00f3n e intensidad de las olas de calor. <\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">AEMET. Report on the State of the Climate in Spain 2023: changes in heatwave duration, extent and intensity.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">AEMET. Rapport sur l'\u00e9tat du climat de l'Espagne 2023 : \u00e9volution de la dur\u00e9e, de l'\u00e9tendue et de l'intensit\u00e9 des vagues de chaleur.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">AEMET. Rapporto sullo stato del clima della Spagna 2023: evoluzione di durata, estensione e intensit\u00e0 delle ondate di calore.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">AEMET. Bericht zum Zustand des Klimas in Spanien 2023: Entwicklung von Dauer, Ausdehnung und Intensit\u00e4t der Hitzewellen.<\/span> <a class=\"kt-editorial-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aemet.es\/es\/noticias\/2024\/05\/iac_2023_AEMET\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.aemet.es\/es\/noticias\/2024\/05\/iac_2023_AEMET<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">NASA POWER. Daily API: par\u00e1metros meteorol\u00f3gicos diarios y documentaci\u00f3n de servicio. <\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">NASA POWER. Daily API: daily meteorological parameters and service documentation.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">NASA POWER. API quotidienne : param\u00e8tres m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques journaliers et documentation du service.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">NASA POWER. API giornaliera: parametri meteorologici giornalieri e documentazione del servizio.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">NASA POWER. Daily API: t\u00e4gliche meteorologische Parameter und Dienstdokumentation.<\/span> <a class=\"kt-editorial-link\" href=\"https:\/\/power.larc.nasa.gov\/docs\/services\/api\/temporal\/daily\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/power.larc.nasa.gov\/docs\/services\/api\/temporal\/daily\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">NASA POWER. Metodolog\u00eda de procesamiento y procedencia de datos. <\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">NASA POWER. Data-processing methodology and data provenance.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">NASA POWER. M\u00e9thodologie de traitement et provenance des donn\u00e9es.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">NASA POWER. Metodologia di elaborazione e provenienza dei dati.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">NASA POWER. Methodik der Datenverarbeitung und Datenherkunft.<\/span> <a class=\"kt-editorial-link\" href=\"https:\/\/power.larc.nasa.gov\/docs\/methodology\/data\/processing\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/power.larc.nasa.gov\/docs\/methodology\/data\/processing\/<\/a><\/p><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"une-column\"><p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">EEA. Europe\u2019s changing climate hazards: se\u00f1ales regionales y mayor exposici\u00f3n mediterr\u00e1nea. <\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">EEA. Europe\u2019s changing climate hazards: regional signals and greater Mediterranean exposure.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">EEA. Europe\u2019s changing climate hazards : signaux r\u00e9gionaux et exposition m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne accrue.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">EEA. Europe\u2019s changing climate hazards: segnali regionali e maggiore esposizione mediterranea.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">EEA. Europe\u2019s changing climate hazards: regionale Signale und st\u00e4rkere Belastung des Mittelmeerraums.<\/span> <a class=\"kt-editorial-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/en\/analysis\/publications\/europes-changing-climate-hazards-an-index-based-interactive-eea-report\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/en\/analysis\/publications\/europes-changing-climate-hazards-an-index-based-interactive-eea-report<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">EEA \/ Climate-ADAPT. Heat and health: extremos t\u00e9rmicos, vulnerabilidad y adaptaci\u00f3n en Europa. <\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">EEA \/ Climate-ADAPT. Heat and health: thermal extremes, vulnerability and adaptation in Europe.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">EEA \/ Climate-ADAPT. Heat and health : extr\u00eames thermiques, vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et adaptation en Europe.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">EEA \/ Climate-ADAPT. Heat and health: estremi termici, vulnerabilit\u00e0 e adattamento in Europa.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">EEA \/ Climate-ADAPT. Heat and health: Temperaturextreme, Verwundbarkeit und Anpassung in Europa.<\/span> <a class=\"kt-editorial-link\" href=\"https:\/\/climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\/en\/observatory\/topics\/health-impacts\/heat-and-health\/heat-and-health\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\/en\/observatory\/topics\/health-impacts\/heat-and-health\/heat-and-health<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Comisi\u00f3n Europea, DG ENER. Assessment of the Energy Performance and Sustainability of Data Centres in the EU, 2025. <\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">European Commission, DG ENER. Assessment of the Energy Performance and Sustainability of Data Centres in the EU, 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Commission europ\u00e9enne, DG ENER. Assessment of the Energy Performance and Sustainability of Data Centres in the EU, 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Commissione europea, DG ENER. Assessment of the Energy Performance and Sustainability of Data Centres in the EU, 2025.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Europ\u00e4ische Kommission, DG ENER. Assessment of the Energy Performance and Sustainability of Data Centres in the EU, 2025.<\/span> <a class=\"kt-editorial-link\" href=\"https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/o\/opportal-service\/download-handler?format=PDF&amp;identifier=83be4c3e-5c79-11f0-a9d0-01aa75ed71a1&amp;language=en&amp;productionSystem=cellar\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/o\/opportal-service\/download-handler?format=PDF&amp;identifier=83be4c3e-5c79-11f0-a9d0-01aa75ed71a1&amp;language=en&amp;productionSystem=cellar<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"kt-prose\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Eurostat GISCO. Geometr\u00edas NUTS 2024 para cartograf\u00eda administrativa. <\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Eurostat GISCO. NUTS 2024 geometries for administrative mapping.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Eurostat GISCO. G\u00e9om\u00e9tries NUTS 2024 pour la cartographie administrative.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Eurostat GISCO. Geometrie NUTS 2024 per la cartografia amministrativa.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Eurostat GISCO. NUTS-2024-Geometrien f\u00fcr die Verwaltungskartografie.<\/span> <a class=\"kt-editorial-link\" href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/gisco\/geodata\/statistical-units\/territorial-units-statistics\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/gisco\/geodata\/statistical-units\/territorial-units-statistics<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"une-motto\"><p><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Evita ambientes poco ventilados y a quien no te mantenga informado.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">Avoid poorly ventilated environments and those who do not keep you informed.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">\u00c9vitez les environnements mal a\u00e9r\u00e9s et ceux qui ne vous tiennent pas inform\u00e9.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Evita gli ambienti poco ventilati e chi non ti tiene informato.<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Meide schlecht bel\u00fcftete Umgebungen und Menschen, die dich nicht auf dem Laufenden halten.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<footer class=\"pree-author-card pree-author-card--bottom\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\r\n<div class=\"pree-author-identity\">\r\n<img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Jos\u00e9 Jes\u00fas Arboledas Herranz\" class=\"keyter-author-compact__photo\" data-une-img=\"autor\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"58\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.keyter.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/1791098996839.jpg\" width=\"58\"\/>\r\n<div class=\"keyter-author-compact__content\">\r\n<p class=\"keyter-author-compact__name\">Jos\u00e9 Jes\u00fas Arboledas Herranz<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"keyter-author-compact__meta\"><span>Instituto Ent\u00e1lpico Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"keyter-author-compact__bio\"><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"es\">Miembro ASHRAE Spain Chapter<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"en\">ASHRAE Spain Chapter member<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"fr\">Membre de l'ASHRAE Spain Chapter<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"it\">Membro di ASHRAE Spain Chapter<\/span><span class=\"une-t\" lang=\"de\">Mitglied des ASHRAE Spain Chapter<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"keyter-author-compact__links\"><a href=\"mailto:iee@institutoentalpico.com\"><span>iee@institutoentalpico.com<\/span><\/a>\r\n<span aria-hidden=\"true\"> \u00b7 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.linkedin.com\/posts\/jos%C3%A9-jes%C3%BAs-arboledas-herranz-8a8a6bb1_p%C3%A9rdida-de-disponibilidad-de-free-cooling-activity-7512394521335382016-t6Pq\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">LinkedIn<\/a><span aria-hidden=\"true\"> \u00b7 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@institutoentalpicoespa%C3%B1ol\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">YouTube<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a class=\"pree-iee-logo-link pree-iee-logo--author\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/institutoentalpico\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Instituto Ent\u00e1lpico Espa\u00f1ol\" 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